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OFFICIAL47 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 3 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. The conquest of Britain by the Roman Empire resulted in significant cultural change.

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Roman Cultural Influence on Britain
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After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery from Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.

In the most extreme instances, natives literally bought the whole package of Roman culture. The Fishbourne villa, built in the third quarter of the first century A.D., probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles and stylish mosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste. Even if those from the traditional families looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Although exceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbols bound provincials to the identify of the Roman world.

Such examples established a standard to be copied. One result was an influx of craft worker, particularly those skilled in artistic media like stone-carving which had not existed before the conquest. Civilian workers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. Its detail shows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In the absence of a tradition of Classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area. Local workshops did develop and stylistically similar groups of sculpture show how skills in this new medium became widespread. Likewise skills in the use of mosaic, wall painting, ceramic decoration, and metal-working developed throughout the province with the eventual emergence of characteristically Romano-British styles.

This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most importance factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale. But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant;the sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 3 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. The conquest of Britain by the Roman Empire resulted in significant cultural change.

A.New objects entering Britain ranged from mass-produced articles for everyday use to works of art, and they were widely-and enthusiastically-accepted by native Britons.

B.Constructing and furnishing buildings in the Roman style required skills that native workers did not at first have, so workers were brought in from other parts of the empire.

C.Native Britons traveled to Gaul to learn Classical stone-carving and building techniques.

D.The conquest was followed by a building boom, and enough villas and temples in the Italian style were built that a visitor from Rome would have felt quite at home in post-conquest Britain.

E.An important symbol of Roman supremacy was Roman architecture, whose enormous size, emphasized by the use of straight lines, made the natives feel insignificant.

F.Characteristically Romano-British concepts took hold in architecture; roundhouses were built much larger than before, and straight lines began to be used in interior spaces.

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【题目翻译】说明:下面提供一篇短文摘要的介绍句。通过选择三个答案来完成摘要,这些答案表达了短文中最重要的观点。有些句子不属于摘要,因为它们表达了文章中没有呈现的想法,或者是文章中的次要思想。 罗马帝国对英国的征服导致了重大的文化变革。 A:进入英国的新物品从大量生产的日常生活用品到艺术品应有尽有,并且被当地英国人广泛热情地接受。 B:建造和布置罗马风格的建筑需要本地工人最初没有的技能,所以工人是从帝国其他地方引进来的。 C:土著英国人去高卢学习古典石刻和建筑技术。 D:征服之后是建筑热潮,建造了足够多的意大利风格的别墅和寺庙,在征服后的英国里,来自罗马的游客会感到很自在。 E:罗马建筑是罗马至高无上的一个重要标志,它巨大的规模,加上直线的使用,使得当地人觉得自己微不足道。 F:罗马-英国的建筑观念很典型,圆屋比以前大得多,直线开始用于室内空间。 【判定题型】:根据问题的提问方式和6选3的作答方式可以确定该题目为概要小结题。 【选项定位及分析】 A选项:文章首先介绍被罗马征服后的英国开始接触并追崇罗马产品,对应选项A中:New objects entering Britain …, … widely-and enthusiastically-accepted by native Britons; B选项:然后再介绍许多罗马建筑师来到英国建造房子,对应选项B中:… Roman style required skills …, so workers were brought in from … empire。 C选项:是罗马建筑师来到英国,选项C错在Britons traveled to Gaul。 D选项:选项D错在与第二段“A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste.”表述不符,错误; E选项:文章最后介绍罗马建筑的直线型体现权威,对应选项E中:…symbol of Roman supremacy … architecture, … size, … straight lines, … natives … insignificant。 F选项:直线是为了体现权威,选项F错在straight lines … interior spaces。

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