小站备考
托福
托福阅读
Official37阅读真题

OFFICIAL37 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. The Question is worth 2 points. Translocation is used for the reintroduction or reinforcement of species.

展开
Direct Species Translocation
Tip:单击查看句义;划选/双击查生词
It is becoming increasingly common for conservationists to move individual animals or entire species from one site to another. This may be either to establish a new population where a population of conspecifics (animals or plants belonging to the same species) has become extinct or to add individuals to an existing population. The former is termed reintroduction and the latter reinforcement. In both cases, wild individuals are captured in one location and translocated directly to another.

Direct translocation has been used a wide range of plants and animals and was carried out to maintain populations as a source of food long before conservation was a familiar term. The number of translocations carried out under the banner of conservation has increased rapidly, and this has led to criticism of the technique because of the lack of evaluation of its efficacy and because of its potential disadvantages. The nature of translocation ranges from highly organized and researched national or international programs to ad hoc releases of rescued animals by well- intentioned animal lovers. In a fragmented landscape where many populations and habitats are isolated from others, translocations can play an effective role in conservation strategies; they can increase the number of existing populations or increase the size, genetic diversity, and demographic balance of a small population, consequently increasing its chances of survival.

Translocation clearly has a role in the recovery of species that have substantially declined and is the most likely method by which many sedentary species can recover all or part of their former range. However, against this is the potential for reinforcement translocations to spread disease from one population to another or to introduce deleterious or maladaptive genes to a population. Additionally, translocation of predators or competitors may have negative impacts on other species, resulting in an overall loss of diversity. Last but not least of these considerations is the effort and resources required in this type of action, which need to be justified by evidence of the likely benefits.

Despite the large number of tranlocations that have taken place, there is surprisingly little evidence of the efficacy of such actions. This is partly because many translocations have not been strictly for conservation; neither have they been official nor legal, let alone scientific in their approach. Successful translocations inevitably get recorded and gain attention, whereas failures may never be recorded at all. This makes appraisal of the method very difficult. One key problem is a definition of success. Is translocation successful if the individuals survive the first week or a year, or do they need to reproduce for one or several generations? Whatever the answer, it is clear that a general framework is required to ensure that any translocation is justified, has a realistic chance of success, and will be properly monitored and evaluated for the benefit of future efforts.

An example of apparent translocation success involves the threatened Seychelles warbler. This species was once confined to Cousin Island, one of the Seychelles islands, and reduced to 26 individuals. Careful habitat management increased this number to over 300 birds, but the single population remained vulnerable to local catastrophic events. The decision was taken to translocate individuals to two nearby islands to reduce this risk. The translocations took place in 1988 and 1990, and both have resulted in healthy breeding populations. A successful translocation exercise also appears to have been achieved with red howler monkeys in French Guiana. A howler population was translocated from a site due to be flooded for hydroelectric power generation. The release site was an area where local hunting had reduced the density of the resident howler population. Released troops of monkeys were kept under visual observation and followed by radio tracking of 16 females. Although the troops appeared to undergo initial problems, causing them to split up, all the tracked females settled into normal behavioral patterns.

Unfortunately, the success stories are at least matched by accounts of failure. Reviewing translocation of amphibians and reptiles, researchers C.Kenneth Dodd and Richard A. Siegel concluded that most projects have not demonstrated success as conservation techniques and should not be advocated as though they were acceptable management and mitigation practices.

13.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. The Question is worth 2 points. Translocation is used for the reintroduction or reinforcement of species.

A.Translocation is used in species conservation, but it can also bring about the spread of disease, introduction of maladaptive genes, and reduction of species diversity.

B.Until recently, most of the successful translocation efforts were carried out by well-intentioned animal lovers.

C.Even though there are accounts of successful translocations there have been many that have failed.

D.A fundamental problem in the evaluation of translocation is the lack of a framework that defines success and determines whether a translocation effort is justified.

E.It is relatively easy to justify translocation efforts involving species that have been seriously affected by predators or strong competitors, but these efforts are the most difficult to monitor.

F.Examples like the translocation of the Seychelles warbler and the red howler monkeys in French Guiana demonstrate that each species requires specific translocation approaches and techniques.

你的答案:
正确答案:ACD
题目解析:
 后才能查看题目解析,还没有账号? 马上注册
【题目翻译】概要小结题,选出正确的小结。 A:易位用于物种保护,但也可能导致疾病的传播、适应不良基因的引入和物种多样性的减少。 B:直到最近,大部分成功的迁移工作都是由善意的动物爱好者完成的。 C:尽管有关于成功转移的报道,但也有很多人失败了。 D:评估易位的一个基本问题是缺乏一个框架来定义成功并确定易位努力是否合理。 E:对于那些受到捕食者或强大竞争对手严重影响的物种来说,易位的努力是相对容易的,但这些努力是最难监控的。 F:在法属圭亚那,塞舌尔莺和红嚎猴的易位例子表明,每一个物种都需要特定的易位方法和技术。 【判定题型】:根据问题的提问方式和6选3的作答方式可以确定该题目为概要小结题。 【选项定位及分析】 选项A说了物种迁移的好和不好,概括了第二段内容,可以; 选项B提到很多成功的迁移是被好心的动物爱好者实施的,这个没有提到; 选项C说即使确实成功的迁移很多,但是失败的也多,概括了第五段第六段的内容,正确;选项D说评价迁移遇上的基本问题是缺少一个决定是否成功的框架,概括了第四段的内容,可以选; 选项E说迁移的效果很容易被证实,错误,第四段最后一句说明是很难被证实; 选项F说每个物种都需要具体的迁移途径,这个原文中没有提到,不选。 综合下来选择A,C,D。

学习页面

Medi

terr

anean

加强 + 政府 + 名词后缀

加强的政府——管理

原文例句

加入生词

本文生词 0

色块区域是你收藏过的生词;

查询次数越多,颜色越深哦~

显示文中生词

登录后才能收藏生词哦,现在登录注册>

本文重点词 45

文中加粗单词为本文重点词;

根据词频与核心词范围精心挑选,托福考试必掌握词汇。

显示文中重点词
学习本文词汇

文中划选/双击的生词、加粗重点词已收纳至词盒

可随时点击词盒查看哦~

只有在词句精学模式下才能开启词盒功能哦~

我知道了

词盒
收藏
笔记
我的笔记
5000
保存
反馈