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OFFICIAL52 Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.

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Natufian Culture
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In the archaeological record of the Natufian period, from about 12,500 to 10,200 years ago, in the part of the Middle East known as the Levant - roughly east of the Mediterranean and north of the Arabian Peninsula - we see clear evidence of agricultural origins. The stone tools of the Natufians included many sickle-shaped cutting blades that show a pattern of wear characteristic of cereal harvesting. Also, querns (hand mills) and other stone tools used for processing grain occur in abundance at Natufian sites, and many such tools show signs of long, intensive use. Along with the sickle blades are many grinding stones, primarily mortars and pestles of limestone or basalt. There is also evidence that these heavy grinding stones were transported over long distances, more than 30 kilometers in some cases, and this is not something known to have been done by people of preceding periods. Fishhooks and weights for sinking fishing nets attest to the growing importance of fish in the diet in some areas. Stone vessels indicate an increased need for containers, but there is no evidence of Natufian clay working or pottery. Studies of the teeth of Natufians also strongly suggest that these people specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them, but they were also still hunter-foragers who intensively hunted gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones.

The Natufians had a different settlement pattern from that of their predecessors. Some of their base camps were far larger (over 1,000 square meters) than any of those belonging to earlier periods, and they may have lived in some of these camps for half the year or even more. In some of the camps, people made foundations and other architectural elements out of limestone blocks. Trade in shell, obsidian, and other commodities seems to have been on the rise, and anthropologists suspect that the exchange of perishables (such as skins, foodstuffs) and salt was also on the increase. With the growing importance of wild cereals in the diet, salt probably became for the first time a near necessity: people who eat a lot of meat get many essential salts from this diet, but diets based on cereals can be deficient in salts. Salt was probably also important as a food preservative in early villages.

As always, there is more to a major cultural change than simply a shift in economics. The Natufians made (and presumably wore) beads and pendants in many materials, including gemstones and marine shells that had to be imported, and it is possible that this ornamentation actually reflects a growing sense of ethnic identity and perhaps some differences in personal and group status. Cleverly carved figurines of animals, women, and other subjects occur in many sites, and Natufian period cave paintings have been found in Anatolia, Syria, and Iran. [■] More than 400 Natufian burials have been found, most of them simple graves set in house floors. [■] As archaeologist Belfer-Cohen notes, these burials may reflect an ancestor cult and a growing sense of community emotional ties and attachment to a particular place, and toward the end of the Natufian period, people in this area were making a strict separation between living quarters and burial grounds. [■] In contrast with the Pleistocene cultures of the Levant, Natufian culture appears to have experienced considerable social change.  [■]

The question of why the Natufians differed from their predecessors in these and other ways and why they made these first steps toward farming as a way of life remains unclear. There were climate changes, of course, and growing aridity and rising population densities may have forced them to intensify the exploitation of cereals, which in turn might have stimulated the development of sickles and other tools and the permanent communities that make agriculture efficient. But precisely how these factors interacted with others at play is poorly understood.

13.Look at the four squares[■]to add the sentence to the passage.

Further evidence of an evolving cultural complexity comes from Natufian burials..

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【题目翻译】请看四个正方形],这些正方形指示了下列句子可以添加到文章中的哪里。这个句子最适合哪儿? A:纳图菲亚人的葬礼进一步证明了文化复杂性的演变。 【判定题型】:根据题目问法,题目要求将句子插入到文中最恰当的空格处,故判断本题为句子插入题。 【待插入句分析】带插入句的意思是“逐步发展的文化复杂性的更多证据,来自纳图夫墓葬。”这句话中,我们需要把握的关键词是“burial”。然后我们把这句话带到原文中去看 【原文分析】一如既往地,一个重大的文化变革不仅仅是由简单的经济的变化所造成的。纳图夫人用很多材料制作了(可能穿戴了)小珠子和垂饰,包括宝石和海里的贝壳,这些材料都需要进口才能获得,可能这些装饰品事实上反映了民族认同感的增强,或者反映了身份和族群地位上的一些不同。巧妙雕刻的动物、女人以及其他物品的塑像出现在了许多纳图夫遗址中,纳图夫时期的洞穴壁画曾在安纳托利亚、叙利亚和伊朗被发现。 超过400座纳图夫人的墓葬被发现,其中大多数都是建在楼层里的简单的坟墓。 据考古学家Belfer-Cohen记载,这些墓葬可能反映出了一种祖先崇拜,团队意识情感纽带的增强以及对特殊地区的一种依赖性,直到纳图夫时代后期,这里的人们才将生活区和墓葬区严格地区分开。 与累范特的更新世文化相比,纳图夫文化好像经历了更大的社会变化。 【选项分析】 A方框之前,讲的都是纳图夫文化所经历的其他变化的证据——装饰品、洞穴壁画等,而A方框之后,讲的都是关于墓葬。所以待插入句中的“further evidence”有一种承上启下的作用,说明下文中所讲的墓葬内容将提供更多关于纳图夫文化变化的证据。而B、C、D都没有这个意思。

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