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OFFICIAL52 Why does the author ask the reader to "Imagine a winding stream"?

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A large, swift stream or river can carry all sizes of particles, from clay to boulders. When the current slows down, its competence (how much it can carry) decreases and the stream deposits the largest particles in the streambed. If current velocity continues to decrease - as a flood wanes, for example - finer particles settle out on top of the large ones. Thus, a stream sorts its sediment according to size. A waning flood might deposit a layer of gravel, overlain by sand and finally topped by silt and clay. Streams also sort sediment in the downstream direction. Many mountain streams are choked with boulders and cobbles, but far downstream, their deltas are composed mainly of fine silt and clay. This downstream sorting is curious because stream velocity generally increases in the downstream direction. Competence increases with velocity, so a river should be able to transport larger particles than its tributaries carry. One explanation for downstream sorting is that abrasion wears away the boulders and cobbles to sand and silt as the sediment moves downstream over the years. Thus, only the fine sediment reaches the lower parts of most rivers.

A stream deposits its sediment in three environments: Alluvial fans and deltas form where stream gradient (angle of incline) suddenly decreases as a stream enters a flat plain, a lake, or the sea; floodplain deposits accumulate on a floodplain adjacent to the stream channel; and channel deposits form in the stream channel itself. Bars, which are elongated mounds of sediment, are transient features that form in the stream channel and on the banks. They commonly form in one year and erode the next. Rivers used for commercial navigation must be recharged frequently because bars shift from year to year. Imagine a winding stream . The water on the outside of the curve moves faster than the water on the inside. The stream erodes its outside bank because the current's inertia drives it into the outside bank. At the same time, the slower water on the inside point of the bend deposits sediment, forming a point bar. A mid-channel bar is a sandy and gravelly deposit that forms in the middle of a stream channel.

Most streams flow in a single channel. In contrast, a braided stream flows in many shallow, interconnecting channels. A braided stream forms where more sediment is supplied to a stream than it can carry. The stream dumps the excess sediment, forming mid-channel bars. The bars gradually fill a channel, forcing the stream to overflow its banks and erode new channels. As a result, a braided stream flows simultaneously in several channels and shifts back and forth across its floodplain. Braided streams are common in both deserts and glacial environments because both produce abundant sediment. A desert yields large amounts of sediment because it has little or no vegetation to prevent erosion. Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment, which is carried by streams flowing from the melting ice. If a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat plain, its gradient and velocity decrease sharply. As a result, it deposits most of its sediment in a fan-shaped mound called an alluvial fan. Alluvial fans are common in many arid and semiarid mountainous regions.

A stream also slows abruptly where it enters the still water of a lake or ocean. The sediment settles out to form a nearly flat landform called a delta. Part of the delta lies above water level, and the remainder lies slightly below water level. Deltas are commonly fan-shaped, resembling the Greek letter "delta" (∆). Both deltas and alluvial fans change rapidly. Sediment fills channels (waterways), which are then abandoned while new channels develop as in a braided stream. As a result, a stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels called distributaries. A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers. Most fans, however, are much smaller, covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers. The Mississippi River has flowed through seven different delta channels during the past 5,000 to 6,000 years. But in recent years, engineers have built great systems of levees (retaining walls) in attempts to stabilize the channels.

6.Why does the author ask the reader to "Imagine a winding stream"?

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【题目翻译】为什么作者要求读者“想象一条蜿蜒的小溪”? A:为了解释水柱的存在如何改变水流的速度和方向。 B:解释为什么沙洲比冲积扇或其他类型的沉积物更常见。 C:说明商业航行在许多河流上面临的特殊困难。 D:帮助解释砂坝是如何形成的。 【判定题型】:根据题干问法“why …… ask”,题目询问“Imagine a winding stream”(文章引用内容)的修辞目的,可以判断本题为修辞目的题。 【关键词定位】:根据关键词“Imagine a winding stream”,定位到Passage x 第x句,原句为“Imagine a winding stream. The water on the outside of the curve moves faster than……the slower water on the inside point of the bend deposits sediment, forming a point bar.” 【引用内容分析】河流外缘的水流速度要比河流中心的水流速度快,以及河流外缘的水流和内部的水流分别造成的影响。从中我们得知,河流内部的水流因为较为缓慢,所以会沉淀砂石,形成点坝。所以从这段话中,我们可以知道点坝是如何形成的。 【选项分析】 A选项:解释砂坝如何改变水流的速度和水流的方向。错误,因为文章没有说砂坝可以改变水流的速度的方向。故A选项未提及,排除。 B选项:解释为什么砂坝要比冲积扇或者其他形式的沉积物更普遍。错误,因为同样,这个比较关系在文中并没有提及,故B选项排除。 C选项:解释说明在很多河流中通商航行所遇到的困难。错误,因为文中只说用于通商航行的河道必须频繁地修整,因为砂坝每年都会变。并没有提到通上航行会遇到困难。故C选项未提及,排除。 D选项:正是解释说明了点坝是如何形成的,符合原意,正确。

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