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OFFICIAL37 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. The Question is worth 2 points. The early Greek philosopher Thales and his followers tried to achieve a rational understanding of the nature of the universe. Drag your answer choices to the space where they belong. To remove an answer choice, double click on it.

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Thales And The Milesians
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While many other observers and thinkers had laid the groundwork for science, Thales (circa 624 B.C.E-ca 547 B.C.E.), the best known of the earliest Greek philosophers, made the first steps toward a new, more objective approach to finding out about the world. He posed a very basic question: "What is the world made of? " Many others had asked the same question before him, but Thales based his answer strictly on what he had observed and what he could reason out-not on imaginative stories about the gods or the supernatural. He proposed water as the single substance from which everything in the world was made and developed a model of the universe with Earth as a flat disk floating in water.

Like most of the great Greek philosophers, Thales had an influence on others around him. His two best-known followers, though there were undoubtedly others who attained less renown, were Anaximander and Anaximenes. Both were also from Miletus (located on the southern coast of present-day Turkey) and so, like Thales, were members of the Milesian School. Much more is known about Anaximander than about Anaximenes, probably because Anaximander, who was born sometime around 610 B.C.E, ambitiously attempted to write a comprehensive history of the universe. As would later happen between another teacher-student pair of philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, Anaximander disagreed with his teacher despite his respect for him. He doubted that the world and all its contents could be made of water and proposed instead a formless and unobservable substance he called "apeiron" that was the source of all matter.

Anaximander's most important contributions, though, were in other areas. Although he did not accept that water was the prime element, he did believe that all life originated in the sea, and he was thus one of the first to conceive of this important idea. Anaximander is credited with drawing up the first world map of the Greeks and also with recognizing that Earth's surface was curved.He believed, though, that the shape of Earth was that of a cylinder rather than the sphere that later Greek philosophers would conjecture. Anaximander, observing the motions of the heavens around the polestar, was probably the first of the Greek philosophers to picture the sky as sphere completely surrounding Earth-an idea that, elaborated upon later, would prevail until the advent of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century.

Unfortunately, most of Anaximander's written history of the universe was lost, and only a few fragments survive today. Little is known about his other ideas. Unfortunately, too, most of the written work for Anaximenes, who may have been Anaximander's pupil, has also been lost. All we can say for certain about Anaximenes, who was probably born around 560 BCE, is that following in the tradition of Anaximander, he also disagreed with his mentor. The world, according to Anaximenes, was not composed of either water or apeiron, but air itself was the fundamental element of the universe. Compressed, it became water and earth, and when rarefied or thinned out, it heated up to become fire. Anaximenes may have also been the first to study rainbows and speculate upon their natural rather than supernatural cause.

With the door opened by Thales and the other early philosophers of Milestus, Greek thinkers began to speculate about the nature of the universe. This exciting burst of intellectual activity was for the most part purely creative. The Greeks, from Thales to Plato and Aristotle, were philosophers and not scientists in today's sense. It is possible for anyone to create "ideas" about the nature and structure of the universe, for instance, and many times these ideas can be so consistent and elaborately structured, or just so apparently obvious, that they can be persuasive to many people. A scientific theory about the universe, however, demands much more than the various observations and analogies that were woven together to form systems of reasoning, carefully constructed as they were, that would eventually culminate in Aristotle's model of the world and the universe. Without experimentation and objective, critical testing of their theories, the best these thinkers could hope to achieve was some internally consistent speculation that covered all the bases and satisfied the demands of reason.

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. The Question is worth 2 points. The early Greek philosopher Thales and his followers tried to achieve a rational understanding of the nature of the universe. Drag your answer choices to the space where they belong. To remove an answer choice, double click on it.

A.In the Milesian School established by Thales. Teachers taught what they knew to their followers, who were then strongly encouraged to correct any errors in reasoning.

B.Much of the written work of Anaximander and of Anaximenes has been lost, including a major work on the history of the universe by Anaximenes.

C.The ideas about astronomy held by members of the Milesian School continued to be widely accepted by scientists even after the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century.

D.Among early Greek philosophers, there was sharp disagreement even between teachers and students about the essential substance from which the world was made.

E.Anaximander's work covered a broad range of issues that influenced later Greek thinkers, including the origin of life, the history of the universe, and the shape of both Earth and the sky.

F.While Greek philosophers' theories about the world did not rely on appeals to supernatural forces, they also were not scientific, since they were not tested with experiments.

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【题目翻译】概要小结题,选择正确的小结。 A:在泰雷兹建立的米利西亚学校。老师们向他们的追随者传授他们所知道的东西,然后他们被强烈鼓励改正任何推理上的错误。 B:阿纳克西曼德和阿纳克西曼德的许多书面作品已经丢失,包括阿纳克西曼德关于宇宙历史的一部重要著作。 C:即使在17世纪的科学革命之后,米利西亚学派的成员所持有的天文学思想仍然被科学家广泛接受。 D:在早期的希腊哲学家中,甚至在老师和学生之间,对于创造世界的基本物质也存在着尖锐的分歧。 E:阿纳西曼德的作品涵盖了影响后来希腊思想家的广泛问题,包括生命的起源、宇宙的历史以及地球和天空的形状。 F:虽然希腊哲学家关于世界的理论并不依赖于对超自然力量的吸引力,但他们也不是科学的,因为他们没有经过实验的检验。 【判定题型】:根据问题的提问方式和6选3的作答方式可以确定该题目为概要小结题。 【选项定位及分析】 选项A说Thales创办了Milesian School,这个是不对的,原文中说like Thales, were members of the Milesian School,说明Thales自己也是members之一,本选项错误; 选项B后半句意思是history of universe是Anaximenes的,错误,第二段Much more开头的那一句说明这个著作是Anaximander的; 选项C说17世纪的科学革命继续支持Milesian学院的天文观点,错误,到了科学革命出现,他们的观点就停止流行了; 选项D是说在世界构成的问题上,古希腊的老师和学生之间也是有着尖锐冲突的,总结了第二段的主要内容,可以选; 选项E是说Anaximander的学问贡献,概括了第二三段的内容,可以选; 选项F说的是古希腊哲学家的理论的特点不依赖于对超自然力量的要求、不科学、没有实验基础等等,概括了第五段的内容,可以选。

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