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OFFICIAL41 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT. Navajo art is fundamentally connected to aspects of Navajo ritual and belief.

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Navajo Art
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The Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days.

The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change. When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony. Thus, the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process.

Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past. The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past. By recreating these arts, which reflect the original beauty of creation, the Navajo bring beauty to the present world. As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory, the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accurately as possible.

The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets. Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dyeing of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make. Weaving is a paradigm of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky. It was she who, according to legend, taught Navajo women how to weave. As they prepare their materials and weave, Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.

Working on their looms, Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature. It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty, harmony, and healing of the world. Thus, weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT. Navajo art is fundamentally connected to aspects of Navajo ritual and belief.

A.Navajo sand paintings are an expression of the close relationship between nature and the spiritual world in Navajo culture

B.Sand paintings, which help participants in rituals recall traditional chants, are part of ceremonies designed to restore beauty and harmony.

C.Whereas Navajo sand paintings are associated with male deities. Navajo weaving involves representations of female figures such as Spider Woman.

D.Individual Navajo sand paintings typically embody the principles of harmony and disorder.

E.Sand paintings, which are created by Navajo men, are faithful re-creations of earlier works and as such represent the principle of stability.

F.In Navajo culture, weaving is a female art and is associated with creativity and change.

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正确答案:BEF
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【题目翻译】说明:下面提供了一个简短总结文章的介绍性句子。通过选择三个答案选项来完成总结,这些选项表达了文章中最重要的观点。有些句子不属于摘要,因为它们表达的观点不是在文章中呈现的,或者是文章中的次要观点。这个问题值2分。 纳瓦霍艺术从根本上与纳瓦霍仪式和信仰有关。 A:纳瓦霍沙画是纳瓦霍文化中自然与精神世界紧密联系的表现。 B:沙画,帮助参加仪式的人回忆起传统的圣歌,是旨在恢复美丽和和谐的仪式的一部分。 C:而纳瓦霍的沙画则与男性神有关。纳瓦霍织布涉及女性人物的表现,如蜘蛛女。 D:纳瓦霍的个人沙画典型地体现了和谐与无序的原则。 E:沙画是纳瓦霍人创作的,是对早期作品的忠实再现,也是稳定的原则。 女:在纳瓦霍文化中,编织是一种女性艺术,与创造力和变化有关。 【判定题型】:根据问题的提问方式和6选3的作答方式可以确定该题目为概要小结题。 【选项定位及分析】 根据原文 “The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness).”,可知Navajo沙画想要传达给世界的并非是自然和Navajo文化的精神世界,所以A选项错误。 根据原文“When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. ”,其中restore beauty and harmony to the world对应B选项中的restore beauty and harmony. 所以B选项正确。 根据原文“The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods”,可知沙画描绘的是神话英雄,而不是男性神明,所以C选项错误。并且C选项的内容太过细节,不属于主旨内容。 根据原文“The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness).”,选项D说体现的原则是和谐和混乱,因此选项D错误。 根据原文“While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought”,所以E选项正确。 根据原文“ women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make”,所以F选项正确。

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