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OFFICIAL44 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. The camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole

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The Use Of The Camera Obscura
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The precursor of the modern camera, the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole. The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure. This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C. in China. Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C., and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490. In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning "natural magic") instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. Later, portable camera obscuras were developed, with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image. For the artist, this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be drawn precisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint. Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions.

Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists' use of such devices. One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer, who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including the science of optics. Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous The Art of Painting. The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings, with lighting coming from a window on the left, the same roof beams, and similar floor tiles, suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground. The map hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeer's possession, reproduced in such faithful detail that some kind of tracery is suspected. When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint, but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches. Vermeer did not have any students, did not keep any records, and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio, facts that can be interpreted as protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.

In recent times the British artist David Hockney has published his investigations into the secret use of the camera obscura, claiming that for up to 400 years, many of Western art’s great masters probably used the device to produce almost photographically realistic details in their paintings. He includes in this group Caravaggio, Hans Holbein, Leonardo da Vinci, Diego Velazquez, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Agnolo Bronzino, and Jan van Eyck. From an artist’s point of view, Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses the complicated forms of a three-dimensional scene into two-dimensional shapes that can easily be traced and also increases the contrast between light and dark, leading to the chiaroscuro effect seen in many of these paintings. In Jan van Eyck’s The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami, the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.

So what are we to conclude? If these artists did use a camera obscura, does that diminish their stature? Hockney argues that the camera obscura does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting. In experimenting with it, he found that it is actually quite difficult to use for drawing, and he speculates that the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of shapes.

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. The camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole

A.Evidence that the use of the camera obscura has long been known is provided by its description in many sources, including works dating back to Chinese writers from the fifth century B.C.

B.Some historians who have studied paintings by Western masters have found clues indicating that the masters may have secretly used the camera obscura in their works.

C.It is now widely believed that the use of the camera obscura led to the development of a style of photographic realism in Western art.

D.The camera obscura was most widely used by artists in Seventeenth-century Netherlands, a period when art and science thrived

E.The unique features of Vermeer’s The Art of Painting make it unlikely that it was made with a camera obscura, as opposed to his other works.

F.The artist David Hockney has speculated that artists probably combined the use of the camera A with their own original observations from life.

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正确答案:ABF
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【题目翻译】说明:下面是文章的简要概括的介绍句。通过选择三个答案来完成总结,这三个答案表达了文章中最重要的观点。有些句子不属于摘要,因为它们表达了文章中没有呈现的想法,或者是文章中的次要思想。这个问题值得两点。将答案选择拖动到它们所属的空间。要删除答案选项,请单击它。相机暗箱是一个暗的外壳,光线通过小孔中的透镜进入其中。 A:关于暗箱照相机的使用早已为人所知的证据,是由它在许多方面的描述提供的,包括可以追溯到公元前5世纪中国作家的作品。 B:一些研究过西方大师绘画的历史学家发现了一些线索,表明大师们可能在他们的作品中暗中使用了相机暗盒。 C:现在人们普遍认为,相机暗箱的使用导致了西方艺术中摄影现实主义风格的发展。 D:摄影暗箱是17世纪荷兰艺术家最广泛使用的,当时艺术和科学蓬勃发展。 E:维米尔绘画艺术的独特特点使得它不太可能是用相机暗箱制作的,而不是用他的其他作品。 F:艺术家大卫·霍克尼推测,艺术家们可能将相机的使用与他们对生活的原始观察结合起来。 【判定题型】:根据问题的提问方式和6选3的作答方式可以确定该题目为概要小结题。 【选项定位及分析】 选项A是对第1段前半句的概括,camera obscura很早就被使用的证据; 选项B是对第2段的概括总结,西方一些绘画大师在创作的过程中会秘密使用camera obscura; 选项C中广泛认为camera obscura促使photographic realism的方式在西方发展,与原文信息不符; 选项D中17世纪Netherlands是否camera obscura很盛行在原文中并没有被提及; 选项E与原文信息不符,原文讲的The Art of Painting与他的其他作品都很相似; 选项F是对第4段的总结,艺术家结合camera obscura和他们对生活的观察去创作的。

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