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OFFICIAL34 Prose Summary Islamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and important innovations.

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Islamic Art and The Book
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The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.



Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century.
It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.



The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.

Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.

14.Prose Summary Islamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and important innovations.

A.Books became major vehicle of artistic expression for calligraphers and painters, and the subjects of books expanded to include more and more kinds of works.

B.The growing luxuriousness of books meant that the market for them was increasingly dominated by the wealthy and powerful patrons who could afford them.

C.After it was learned from Chinese prisoners, the technique of papermaking spread throughout Islamic lands, where paper gradually replaced parchment.

D.The high status enjoyed by calligraphers and artists made books extremely popular in the cities where books were bought and sold.

E.The popularity of books led to major advances in the development and transfer of new artistic ideas.

F.Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabic handwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran.

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【题目翻译】小结: 伊斯兰教书籍从公元900年到1500年反映了从过去的重大变化和重要的创新。 A:书籍成为书法家和画家艺术表达的主要载体,书籍的主题也越来越多地涉及到各种作品。 B:书籍的日益奢华意味着它们的市场越来越被有钱有权买得起书的赞助人所占据。 C:从中国囚犯那里学习后,造纸技术传遍了伊斯兰国家,在那里纸逐渐取代了羊皮纸。 D:书法家和艺术家享有的高地位使书籍在买卖书籍的城市非常受欢迎。 E:书籍的普及导致了新艺术思想的发展和转移的重大进展。 F:大约在公元900年左右,在抄写《古兰经》的手稿时,一套圆润的阿拉伯笔迹开始取代棱角分明的手稿。 【判定题型】:根据问题的提问方式和6选3的作答方式可以确定该题目为概要小结题。 【选项定位及分析】 A正确,定位第一段第三、四句话,出现了不同类型和不同主题的书籍来进行艺术表达; B错误,定位到第一段最后一句,文中只说了部分最昂贵的书籍是由君主授权,和句中意思不符,即便正确也是细节; C正确,对应文章第二、三段的内容,主要都是在表达造纸术的大规模运用和传播,并且交代了纸张对比羊皮纸的好处; D错误,文中并未提及; E正确,对应第三段后半段内容; F错误,对应文章最后一段内容,在公元900年左右,Ibn Muqla发明了新的字母表,替代原来的writing system,但是文章并没有提及说在可兰经的手稿里,圆体字代替了方体字。

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