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OFFICIAL50 Paragraphs 4 and 5 support the idea that Brazil's move to declare independence in 1822 was primarily the result of

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The Achievement of Brazilian Independence
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In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil's drive toward independence from Portugal proceeded as a relatively bloodless transition between 1808 and 1822. The idea of Brazilian independence first arose in the late eighteenth century as a Brazilian reaction to the Portuguese policy of tightening political and economic control over the colony in the interests of the mother country. The first significant conspiracy against Portuguese rule was organized from 1788-1799 in the province of Minas Gerais, where rigid governmental control over the production and prices of gold and diamonds, as well as heavy taxes, caused much discontent. But this conspiracy never went beyond the stage of discussion and was easily discovered and crushed. Other conspiracies in the late eighteenth century as well as a brief revolt in 1817 reflected the influence of republican ideas over sections of the elite and even the lower strata of urban society. All proved abortive or were soon crushed. Were it not for an accident of European history, the independence of Brazil might have been long delayed.

The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 followed by the flight of the Portuguese court (sovereign and government officers) to Rio de Janeiro brought large benefits to Brazil. Indeed, the transfer of the court in effect signified achievement of Brazilian independence. The Portuguese prince and future King Joao VI opened Brazil's ports to the trade of friendly nations, permitted the rise of local industries, and founded the Bank of Brazil. In 1815 he elevated Brazil to the legal status of a kingdom coequal with Portugal. ln one sense, however, Brazil's new status signified the substitution of one dependence for another. Freed from Portuguese control, Brazil came under the economic dominance of England, which obtained major tariff concessions and other privileges by the Strangford Treaty of 1810 between Portugal and Great Britain. The treaty provided for the importation of British manufactures into Brazil and the export of Brazilian agricultural produce to Great Britain. One result was an influx of cheap machine-made goods that swamped the handicrafts industry of the country.

Brazilian elites took satisfaction in Brazil's new role and the growth of educational, cultural, and economic opportunities for their class. But the feeling was mixed with resentment toward the thousands of Portuguese courtiers (officials) and hangers-on who came with the court and who competed with Brazilians for jobs and favors. Thus, the change in the status of Brazil sharpened the conflict between Portuguese elites born in Brazil and elites born in Portugal and loyal to the Portuguese crown.

The event that precipitated the break with the mother country was the revolution of 1820 in Portugal. The Portuguese revolutionaries framed a liberal constitution for the kingdom, but they were conservative or reactionary in relation to Brazil. They demanded the immediate return of King Joao to Lisbon, an end to the system of dual monarchy that he had devised, and the restoration of the Portuguese commercial monopoly. Timid and vacillating, King Joao did not know which way to turn. Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates, he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal. He left behind him, however, his son and heir, Pedro, and in a private letter advised him that in the event the Brazilians should demand independence, he should assume leadership of the movement and set the crown of Brazil on his head.

Soon it became clear that the Portuguese parliament intended to set the clock back by abrogating all the liberties and concessions won by Brazil since 1808. One of its decrees insisted on the immediate return of Pedro from Brazil. The pace of events moved more rapidly in 1822. On January 9, urged on by Brazilian advisers who perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to Portugal, saying famously, "l remain." On September 7, regarded by all Brazilians as Independence Day, he issued the even more celebrated proclamation, "Independence or death!" In December 1822, having overcome slight resistance by Portuguese troops, Dom Pedro was formally proclaimed constitutional Emperor of Brazil.

10.Paragraphs 4 and 5 support the idea that Brazil's move to declare independence in 1822 was primarily the result of

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【题目翻译】:第4和第5段支持这样的观点,即巴西在1822年宣布独立的举动主要是由于? A: 革命者要求若王回到葡萄牙 B:葡萄牙显然有意让巴西恢复殖民地地位 C:Joao国王决定将他的儿子Pedro留在巴西 D:巴西群众越来越多的干预威胁 【判定题型】:题目问的是文章中的具体细节信息,故根据题目问法可以判断本题为事实信息题。 【关键词定位】:根据关键词“1822”,我们定位到最后一段的第三句话“The pace of events moved more rapidly in 1822.” 这句话后面的内容都是在描述1822年之后独立运动的进程,所以其原因肯定在前文中。首先我们来概括第四段的内容,第四段主要描述了1820年的葡萄牙资产阶级革命使巴西与葡萄牙决裂,葡萄牙革命者要求国王若奥六世立刻回到里斯本,结束他所制定的双君主制,并恢复葡萄牙商业垄断。从这段内容中我们可以得知,葡萄牙革命者非常希望能够恢复葡萄牙的统治地位。而第五段的第一句话更是直接地表明了葡萄牙的态度“Soon it became clear that the Portuguese parliament intended to set the clock back by abrogating all the liberties and concessions won by Brazil since 1808.” 明确地表示要“废除巴西自1808年以来所获得的一切自由和特权”。所以这就是促使巴西宣告独立的主要原因——巴西不想再次沦为葡萄牙的殖民地。 【逻辑分析】:葡萄牙显然有意让巴西恢复殖民地地位所表达的意思与关键词所在源文的意思相同。 【选项分析】: A选项:革命者要求若奥六世立刻回到葡萄牙。错误,因为这一点在第四段中已经提到,并且若奥六世已经在1820年回到了葡萄牙,所以这不可能是促使巴西于1822年宣告独立的原因。 B选项:废除巴西自1808年以来所获得的一切自由和特权”。所以这就是促使巴西宣告独立的主要原因——巴西不想再次沦为葡萄牙的殖民地。因此B选项:葡萄牙想要收复巴西使之再度成为葡萄牙殖民地的企图,是正确选项。 C选项:若奥六世将儿子留在巴西的决定。该选项为无关缠绕信息,并不是直接导致巴西宣告独立的原因。 D选项:巴西的群众造成的越来越多的干扰。错误,关键词“intervention”和“masses”出现在最后一段的这句话“On January 9, urged on by Brazilian advisers who perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro ……”,这句话是在说巴西幕僚们认为这是一个千载难逢的机会能让巴西在排除干扰的情况下有秩序地过度为独立的王国。但是群众的干扰与巴西宣告独立是无关的,两者不存在因果关系。故排除。

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