Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.
(female professor) Rocks near the Earth's surface are directly exposed to elements in the environment such as air and water, and also to conditions such as temperature change as well as to living organism. And this exposure to the environment can actually cause even huge rocks to break into smaller pieces. This process is called weathering. Let's talk about a couple ways weathering occurs.First of all, rocks are often exposed to water. In cold wet environments rocks can break due to water freezing inside of them. How does this happen? Well, as I am sure you know, when water freezes it expands and over time this can lead to weathering. Um, imagine a rock with a small opening or crack in it. It rains and water gets into the crack and stays there. Then, at night, the temperature drops and water inside the crack freezes. This growing, expanding ice pushes outward on either side of the crack causing it to get slightly bigger. When this happens again and again, the crack becomes larger and eventually pieces of the rock break off. OK, weathering can also be caused by plants, by a plant growth. If a plant seed gets blown into the crack of a rock, it may take root. And its root will grow down into the rock. The plant’s roots can cause the rock to break down, uh, fracture. You may have seen this with large trees growing on top of a ro ck, a great example of this. Usually there’s enough dirt in a crack of a rock or on top of a rock to allow a tree to start growing there. As the tree grows over the years, the tree’s roots extend downward into the crack and crevasses of the rock in search of water and nutrients. Over time, the roots get bigger and grow deeper, widening and enlarging the cracks, causing the rock to break apart.
Using point and examples from the lecture, explain two ways weathering occurs.
There're two ways for rock to weather. The first one is by water. Rocks are often exposed to water, so they can break as a result of water freezing inside of them. When it rains, the rainwater falls into the small cracks in the rock and stays there. Then when the temperature drops at night, the water freezes into ice, which expands and sticks out of the cracks, pushing outward and thus gradually enlarging the cracks until finally the rock breaks off from the inside. Another one is by plant growth. Usually there's some dirt in the cracks or on the top of a rock, which is enough for a plant to grow there. So when the seed of a plant stays, it may take root there. And the roots then extend deeper into the cracks searching for water and nutrients. Over time, the roots grow bigger and deeper. Meanwhile they enlarge and widen the cracks from the inside, which also results in a breaking-apart. (166 words)
